Information technology (IT) in Italy
Read about tech news and trends in Italy in this section. Find resources on topics like IT security, data storage, backup and recovery, networking, data centre, cloud computing, mobile technology, virtualisation, big data, virtual machines and more.
-
News
23 Jun 2025
Europe’s semiconductor leaders are racing to meet energy demands
Innovative ideas are discussed at Leti Innovation Days, as datacentres swell under the weight of AI workloads Continue Reading
-
News
20 Jun 2025
Dutch cloud pioneers face the hard limits of digital sovereignty
The Netherlands’ ambitious talk of digital independence meets the unforgiving economics of global cloud dominance Continue Reading
-
News
19 Jun 2025
UBS employee data leaked after cyber attack on supplier
UBS and fellow Swiss bank Pictet have been affected by a cyber attack on a procurement service provider Continue Reading
-
News
16 Jun 2025
Intelligence sharing key to cyber security in Europe, says EU Commission cyber expert
Cyber criminals choose not to attack Europe due to its resilience and preparedness, says the EU Commission’s principal advisor for cyber security coordination, Despina Spanou Continue Reading
-
News
13 Jun 2025
Fusion and AI: How private sector tech is powering progress at ITER
When commercial AI meets the world’s most ambitious science experiment, nuclear fusion, surprising things start to happen Continue Reading
-
News
10 Jun 2025
Third-party security weaknesses threaten Europe’s big banks
Security breaches via third parties increased by 25% at Europe’s largest finance firms Continue Reading
-
News
04 Jun 2025
Microsoft outlines three-pronged European cyber strategy
Microsoft chair Brad Smith outlines an expansive cyber programme targeting governments across Europe with enhanced threat intelligence and support Continue Reading
-
News
12 May 2025
Italian bank signs 10-year deal with Google Cloud
UniCredit will transform operations through cloud, AI and data analytics technologies from Google Cloud Continue Reading
-
News
07 May 2025
Europe leads shift from cyber security ‘headcount gap’ to skills-based hiring
Research from Sans Institute reveals European organisations are leading a global shift in hiring priorities, driven by regional regulatory frameworks Continue Reading
-
News
06 May 2025
EU acts to mend ailing AI competitiveness
Lack of private investors, malformed markets and over-regulation present a big challenge for European officials trying to turn the continent into a global AI superpower Continue Reading
-
Opinion
02 Apr 2025
Bridging Borders: The rise of Ukrainian-British tech collaboration
The IT sectors of the UK and Ukraine have built strong relationships since Russia’s invasion of the latter, and there is more to come, writes the IT Ukraine Association’s ambassador in the UK Continue Reading
-
News
03 Mar 2025
European fintech must take different path to Trump’s US on diversity
Leading light in women in fintech says Europe must take separate path to Trump’s US on diversity, equity and inclusion Continue Reading
-
News
24 Feb 2025
European Union calls for more cyber data-sharing with Nato
Updates to the EU’s Cyber Blueprint, establishing best practice for multilateral security incident response in Europe, include calls for more collaboration with Nato member states, as the geopolitical environment becomes ever more fractious Continue Reading
-
News
19 Feb 2025
European and African tech skills programme could increase economic ties
Africa is a continent on the up, and if Europe wants to form lucrative relationships with its nations, it must have something to trade. IT skills and knowledge exchanges unlock opportunities Continue Reading
-
News
13 Feb 2025
Baltic skills programme to help reduce European skills gap via Africa
Lithuanian project sets out to connect professionals in Africa with European businesses in need of skills Continue Reading
-
Feature
10 Feb 2025
The story behind Alps, Europe’s second largest computer
The director of CSCS and professor of computational physics at ETH, Thomas Schulthess, explains the development of one of the world’s fastest supercomputers, Alps, in Switzerland Continue Reading
-
Feature
07 Feb 2025
DACH’s venture capital prominence: an outlier, or the start of a golden age?
The DACH region is attracting venture capital investment with startups in Austria and Switzerland benefiting, but will it be sustained? Continue Reading
-
News
04 Feb 2025
IT supplier helps address ‘overwhelming’ volumes of data from space
CGI is building on its decade-long relationship with the European Space Agency, and as more and more satellites entering orbit, its role in processing data is not set to diminish Continue Reading
-
Feature
07 Jan 2025
Will Europe be the first region to enact regulation for green software?
There is currently no regulation in the world specific to the environmental impact of software, but Europe is expected to be the first region to enact regulation that enforces green software practices Continue Reading
-
News
24 Dec 2024
Top 10 EMEA stories of 2024
Here are Computer Weekly’s top 10 Europe, Middle East and Africa stories of 2024 Continue Reading
-
News
27 Nov 2024
Dutch politicians raise concerns over Big Tech reliance
Dutch political parties have warned about the Netherlands’ growing reliance on US tech giants Continue Reading
-
News
26 Nov 2024
Russian threat actors poised to cripple power grid, UK warns
UK government escalates cyber rhetoric in a speech at a Nato event, saying Russian advanced persistent threats stand ready to conduct cyber attacks that could ‘turn off the lights for millions’ Continue Reading
-
News
22 Nov 2024
EU promotes plan to usurp US Big Tech with digital market
European Union is at an important point in its plan to build a single market and strengthen its cloud computing sector Continue Reading
-
News
29 Oct 2024
Tata Consultancy Services to deliver Irish pension scheme
Indian IT services giant adds to its growing customer base in the pensions sector with Irish contract win Continue Reading
-
News
17 Oct 2024
EU cyber security bill NIS2 hits compliance deadline
The EU’s NIS2 bill will harmonise how companies and member states approach cyber security, but its success will depend on how well it is implemented and enforced Continue Reading
-
News
20 Sep 2024
UN body urges ‘globally inclusive and distributed’ AI governance
A United Nations body set up to investigate the international governance of AI says the nature of how the technology currently operates requires a global approach to regulation that prioritises equity and inclusion Continue Reading
-
Feature
09 Aug 2024
How UK firms can get ready for the implementation of NIS2
Many British companies will need to adhere to NIS2’s cyber security risk management and reporting requirements if they want to continue operating in the EU market and avoid huge fines Continue Reading
-
News
13 Jun 2024
Q&A: Adalbjorn Thorolfsson on IT project management in Iceland
With a small, but very sophisticated population, Iceland has unique ways of keeping up with the rest of the world in the IT sector. Adalbjorn Thorolfsson, president of the Icelandic Project Management Association, describes some lessons for the rest of the world Continue Reading
-
News
07 Jun 2024
European data chief prepares bid to get UK to join EU digital single market
Data initiative Gaia-X is trying to plug the UK into a planned digital European single market, as the EU seeks to extend the reach of vast and controversial data laws over global supply chains Continue Reading
-
Feature
22 Apr 2024
Austrian AI: from academia to commercial success and beyond
Austria has established itself as a European frontrunner when it comes to artificial intelligence exploration and, importantly, deployment Continue Reading
-
News
21 Apr 2024
Crime agency criticises Meta as European police chiefs call for curbs on end-to-end encryption
Law enforcement agencies step up demands for ‘lawful access’ to encrypted communications Continue Reading
-
News
05 Apr 2024
Europol offers law enforcement agencies data on Europe’s most threatening crime networks
Europol has collected and analysed data from over 40 countries to identify 800 most threatening criminal networks operating in Europe in what it describes as a unique dataset for law enforcemnt Continue Reading
-
News
05 Mar 2024
Dutch organisations start building a federated European cloud
The ‘European cloud services in an open federated ecosystem’ (ECOFED) project is co-funded by the Dutch government and will run from 2024 to 2027 Continue Reading
-
News
04 Mar 2024
Amazon lobbyists banned from European Parliament
Amazon lobbyists have had their access badges to the European Parliament revoked, following allegedly repeated refusals to engage with lawmakers on issues around working conditions and rights Continue Reading
-
News
09 Feb 2024
Europe carves out niche in quantum computing
As the US, China and Europe accelerate investment in quantum computing, Europe is beginning to develop its own unique position in the fledgling global ecosystem Continue Reading
-
News
22 Jan 2024
Chat control: Tech companies warn ministers over EU encryption plans
Tech companies have written to EU ministers to urge them to back the European Parliament, rather than the European Commission, over proposed regulations to police child abuse Continue Reading
-
News
15 Jan 2024
Santander bank added 4,500 tech staff last year
Santander added thousands of IT staff to its global operation last year, as part of its digital transformation Continue Reading
-
News
08 Dec 2023
Fancy Bear targets Nato entities via critical Outlook flaw
A vulnerability patched in March has likely been exploited by the Russian state actor Fancy Bear, for over two years, according to the latest intelligence Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
07 Dec 2023
CW EMEA: Prepare for cyber war
When the war between Hamas and Israel began in October, cyber security professionals and major government and private organisations braced for an inevitable accompanying online war. In this issue of CW EMEA, we outline cyber war, patterns of threat activity, and find out what security teams can do to protect their organisations. We also look at Finland’s advances in quantum computing, how Belgian researchers have developed technology to help datacentres process data faster, and the secrets of KPN’s successful business transformation. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
News
04 Dec 2023
Atos selected for UEFA Euro 2024 IT contract
IT services company Atos will deliver on-site and remote IT services for next year’s international football event in Germany Continue Reading
-
Opinion
24 Nov 2023
DORA raises the stakes for cloud use in financial services
The EU's DORA regulations will raise the stakes for cloud in financial services but resilience is more than just a tech issue, says NetApp's Steve Rackham Continue Reading
-
Feature
16 Nov 2023
Luxembourg-based cloud provider aims to transform the AI landscape in Europe
Gcore runs cloud services worldwide, which gives it a front-row seat for observing global computing trends, and now the company expects to lead one of the major trends in Europe Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
09 Nov 2023
Heineken lets the data flow
In this month’s CW EMEA ezine, we find out about Heineken’s mission to make the most out of the data it holds through an enterprise-wide data ecosystem. We also look at how the UK has turned its back on the German government-funded Gaia-X data platform, why cyber experts are urging the EU to rethink vulnerability disclosure plans, and how the IT industry is responding to the software developer skills shortfall. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
News
02 Nov 2023
EU digital ID reforms should be ‘actively resisted’, say experts
Over 300 cyber security experts have called for the EU to rethink its proposals for eIDAS digital identity reforms, saying some of the provisions risk damaging user privacy and security Continue Reading
-
News
01 Nov 2023
AI Summit: 28 governments and EU agree to safe AI development
In a joint communique at the UK government’s AI Safety Summit, all participating governments agreed to deepen their cooperation around the risks associated with artificial intelligence Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
13 Oct 2023
CW EMEA: Prepare for AI explosion
In this month’s CW EMEA, we look at generative artificial intelligence, which Accenture claims is the next big thing in enterprise IT. The IT services giant says GenAI will transform 40% of all working hours – and it is putting its money where its mouth is with plans to invest $3bn in AI and create 40,000 AI-focused roles. Part of the huge investment has already been assigned to the creation of an AI and generative AI lab in Brussels focused on the public sector in Europe. We also look at a Deutsche Telekom-led consortium’s demo of multi-supplier non-real-time RAN optimisation, how last month’s Ryder Cup tested out technology to improve how fans digitally consume the event, and find out how Zurich Insurance has cut the time it takes to complete development of ServiceNow applications. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
10 Oct 2023
Teeing up tech at the Ryder Cup
In this week’s Computer Weekly, we go behind the scenes at golf’s Ryder Cup to see the tech firsts introduced to improve the fan experience. UK tech leaders explain why they feel ‘betrayed’ by the government’s net-zero policy changes. And we examine the governance challenges behind immerse technologies such as VR and the metaverse. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
News
04 Oct 2023
UK emphasises EU split by kicking digital trade scheme into long grass
Former Gaia-X CEO talks exclusively to Computer Weekly about UK inertia on cross-border data tech Continue Reading
-
News
15 Sep 2023
TikTok fined €345m under GDPR for failing to protect children’s privacy
Data protection regulators warn social media companies to take all necessary measures to protect children’s privacy Continue Reading
-
News
13 Sep 2023
GCHQ breached privacy rights of IT professional and security researcher, human rights court rules
The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg finds UK intelligence services breached the privacy rights of two overseas nationals – an IT professional and a security researcher Continue Reading
-
News
12 Sep 2023
European enterprises to spend more on generative IT to close gap on US
European organisations are upping their spending on generative AI innovation, but face challenges recruiting the right people to support this Continue Reading
-
News
12 Sep 2023
European fintech investment plummets, but more sustainable future lies ahead
Investment in European fintechs has seen a dramatic drop, but a more sustainable sector will result from investment discipline Continue Reading
-
Feature
07 Sep 2023
Interview: Ashish Gupta, head of EMEA, HCLTech
It’s not just enterprises that changed their operating models during and after Covid, but also the suppliers that took them on the journey, HCLTech Europe’s head explains Continue Reading
-
News
05 Sep 2023
Ryder Cup testbed to feature tech firsts in Rome
This year’s Ryder Cup will test out technology to improve how fans digitally consume the event while reducing the workload on IT teams Continue Reading
-
News
16 Aug 2023
Accenture’s Brussels AI lab to focus on European public sector and health
Accenture will use its Brussels AI lab to test AI and generative AI's application in the European public sector Continue Reading
-
News
02 Aug 2023
Cubbit offers cut-price cloud with DS3 distributed storage
Cubbit’s DS3 offers cloud at up to 20% the cost of the main providers via on-premise software that builds a cloud with other users and targets unstructured data use cases such as backup Continue Reading
-
News
18 Jul 2023
Traditional IT outsourcing rockets as Europe’s businesses cut costs
Overall spending on IT services is up in European countries despite continued reduction in investments in cloud-based contracts Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
13 Jul 2023
CW EMEA: Can we trust AI?
Artificial intelligence and the opportunities and dangers it introduces into society has been a hotly debated subject in tech circles for many years, but today with the increased use of platforms such as ChatGPT, these debates include a wider section of the public. The fact that schoolchildren are even asking ChatGPT for help with their homework brings home the importance of these debates and the responses to them by national policy-makers. Continue Reading
-
News
11 Jul 2023
EU formally grants data adequacy to US
The European Commission has formally granted the US data adequacy, allowing companies and organisations to freely transfer personal data across the Atlantic via the EU-US Data Privacy Framework. But privacy activist Max Schrems has already committed to legally challenging the decision Continue Reading
-
News
04 Jul 2023
EU judgment sinks Meta’s argument for targeted ads
The EU Court of Justice has issued a significant judgment against Meta, ruling that national anti-trust bodies can investigate GDPR breaches, disrupting the platform’s entire basis for carrying out targeted advertising Continue Reading
-
News
21 Jun 2023
Software spending grows fastest as finance firms spend $652bn on tech in 2023
Banks and investment firms are increasing their spending on IT despite gloomy economic outlook, but priorities have changed Continue Reading
-
Feature
21 Jun 2023
Interview: Michael Kagan, chief technology officer, Nvidia
The chip maker's CTO explains how the compute demands of AI are pushing semiconductor technology beyond the principles of Moore's Law Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
08 Jun 2023
CW EMEA: IT budgets buck economic trends
Despite the gloomy economic outlook across the world, IT leaders in the EMEA region appear confident that they will have more to spend on IT this year, with 44 expecting IT budgets to increase, according to TechTarget/Computer Weekly’s IT Priorities survey for 2023. Also in this issue, we look at how health authorities in the United Arab Emirates are increasing their emphasis on new, smart technologies to modernise healthcare services, we find out how global tech pioneers Finland and Estonia are increasingly sharing their expertise, and we look at what the Dutch government is doing to address unconscious stereotypes and bias that are still preventing girls in the Netherlands to study engineering or IT. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
News
30 May 2023
Europe’s central bank reveals drop in Euro Zone card fraud
Euro Zone card fraud drops with card-not-present scams down following the introduction of Strong Customer Authentication rules Continue Reading
-
News
17 May 2023
CTO interview: Europe benefits from energy gains in AMD chips
AMD’s chief technology officer explains how the latest chip technology can help European organisations solve the energy puzzle facing IT departments Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
11 May 2023
CW EMEA: The future of work
In this month’s CW EMEA, we look at the future of work in Europe after the pandemic forced a change in entrenched human behaviour. For years, people talked about flexible working being the way forward, but scepticism within the management of large companies held it back. This all changed when Covid-19 began to spread out of control and governments and businesses quickly told people to work from home where possible. We also look at the increasing problem of IT failures in Dutch hospitals and how they are affecting patient care, highlighting the need to improve IT security in hospitals. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
News
08 May 2023
Chat control: EU lawyers warn plans to scan encrypted messages for child abuse may be unlawful
Leaked legal advice warns that European ‘chat control’ proposals to require tech companies to scan private and encrypted messages for child abuse are likely to breach EU law Continue Reading
-
News
19 Apr 2023
IT Priorities 2023: Budget optimism among EMEA IT leaders
IT leaders across the EMEA region are optimistic that their budgets will increase over the coming year Continue Reading
-
News
19 Apr 2023
Global finance firms take part in NATO cyber attack simulation
Global financial services organisations take part in NATO annual event which simulates cyber attacks on critical infrastructure Continue Reading
-
News
18 Apr 2023
Reduced spending on cloud services weighs European IT services market down
Reduced spending on cloud services in the EMEA region meant a year-on-year drop in total IT and BPO services spend Continue Reading
-
News
13 Apr 2023
Italy to lift ChatGPT ban subject to new data protection controls
Italian regulator will lift its ban on OpenAI’s ChatGPT subject to a strict new data protection regime Continue Reading
-
News
05 Apr 2023
Cops bust Genesis cyber crime marketplace
Multinational Operation Cookie Monster takes down Genesis Market, a crucial source of compromised data used by criminals for fraud and other cyber attacks Continue Reading
-
News
05 Apr 2023
Italy’s ChatGPT ban: Sober precaution or chilling overreaction?
Italy’s data protection authority issued a temporary ban on ChatGPT citing data protection concerns and alleged breaches of the GDPR. Is this a reasonable precaution, or a chilling restriction on personal freedoms? Continue Reading
-
News
21 Mar 2023
UK signs digital trade deal with Ukraine
The UK and Ukraine have agreed a trade deal that will reduce the cost of IT imports from the war-torn country Continue Reading
-
News
21 Mar 2023
Ferrari rejects ransom demand after cyber attack
Italian carmaker Ferrari says it will refuse to pay a ransom after an unspecified threat actor broke into its IT systems and stole customer data Continue Reading
-
News
15 Mar 2023
IT gives Ukrainian economy resilience in the face of adversity
Computer Weekly speaks to IT companies from Kharkiv a year after the Ukrainian city became headline news across the world as Russian troops invaded Continue Reading
-
Feature
14 Mar 2023
As Covid fades away, what’s the future of remote work in Europe?
Many IT leaders are still supporting some form of work from home, and a trend is beginning to take shape in Europe Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
09 Mar 2023
CW EMEA: How Sweden is accelerating digitisation
Large conglomerates with diverse business portfolios face challenges when digitally transforming because one size cer-tainly doesn’t fit all. In this month’s CW EMEA, we find out how Richard Ventre, group CIO at Dutch company SHV Holdings, goes about ensuring his IT department pro-vides the foundations for a wide variety of businesses to thrive digitally. We also find out how to make the most of a composable enterprise architecture and how green storage can deliver savings if done right. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
Feature
07 Mar 2023
What can security teams learn from a year of cyber warfare?
With the passing of the first anniversary of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, we reflect on the ongoing cyber war, and ask what security leaders can learn from the past 12 months Continue Reading
-
News
17 Feb 2023
CIO interview: Hans van der Waal, director of global IT, Travelex
Travelex has weathered a storm that saw it sink into administration, before emerging to solidify its digital foundations for the future Continue Reading
-
News
06 Feb 2023
Estonian anti-money laundering platform used to fight APP fraud
A real-time data-sharing platform originally built to identify money laundering is also being applied to the fight against authorised push payment fraud Continue Reading
-
News
03 Feb 2023
MEPs vote to amend platform worker directive
MEPs have voted in favour of amendments to the European Commission’s platform worker directive that would introduce a presumption of employment and increase algorithmic transparency Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
16 Jan 2023
CW EMEA: Protecting the privacy of schoolchildren
In this month’s CW EMEA, we look at how schools in Germany have stopped using Microsoft Office 365 over lack of clarity over how data is collected, shared and used. We also delve into how former UK spy boss Richard Dearlove leaked names of MI6 secret agent recruiters in China to back an aggressive right-wing US campaign against tech company Huawei. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
Opinion
12 Jan 2023
Europe’s cyber security strategy must be clear about open source
Europe’s cyber security policy on open source is lagging behind the US, and despite growing government awareness of the issues, that poses a problem Continue Reading
-
Feature
28 Dec 2022
Developed for Big Science in Europe, highly accurate time protocols ensure fair trading in finance
Protocols developed for use at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research are now being used for many other applications, including financial services Continue Reading
-
News
13 Dec 2022
EU issues draft data adequacy decision in favour of US
The European Commission has concluded that the United States does ensure an adequate level of protection for personal data transferred from the European Union and will now launch the process towards the adoption of an adequacy decision Continue Reading
-
News
01 Dec 2022
Italy’s biggest datacentre campus to enjoy €500m growth spurt
Aruba SpA raises funding to help realise ambitions to further grow mega-datacentre campus in Italy Continue Reading
-
News
09 Nov 2022
Anything can happen so IT teams need to be ready, says Kyiv City Council CIO
Kyiv City Council’s IT team has experienced challenges faced by no other tech department and is determined to use what it has learnt to take Ukraine forward when the war is over Continue Reading
-
News
17 Oct 2022
Global IT and business services spending slows amid economic fears
Spending on IT and business services is declining amid economic fears, with the possibility of a further fall on the horizon Continue Reading
-
News
06 Oct 2022
EU rolling out measures for online safety and AI liability
The European Council has approved the passage of the Digital Services Act to protect people’s rights online, while the European Commission has announced proposals to help those negatively affected by artificial intelligence to claim compensation Continue Reading
-
News
06 Oct 2022
SMEs in Europe ready to invest in real-time payment capabilities
Small and medium-sized enterprises are losing business because of the time it takes to receive payments, with many considering API-based services to address the problem Continue Reading
-
News
05 Oct 2022
Italian Supreme Court calls for prosecutors to disclose information on Sky ECC hacking operation
Italy’s Supreme Court says Italian prosecutors and police should disclose information on how they obtained intercepted messages from the Sky ECC cryptophone network Continue Reading
-
News
04 Oct 2022
Tories to replace GDPR
IT industry reacts to the government’s plan to replace the pan-European data protection regulation Continue Reading
-
News
21 Sep 2022
European Central Bank working on prototypes of digital Euro interfaces
European Central Bank’s digital Euro investigation phase is at the point of developing and testing systems that might interface with consumers Continue Reading
-
News
21 Sep 2022
5G fixed wireless access services to see huge growth
Spending on 5G fixed wireless access services is set to explode globally over the next 12 months Continue Reading
-
News
09 Sep 2022
Interview: Keeping an IT business going during the Russian invasion
After heading home and discovering that his country had been invaded, Konstantin Klyagin was forced to make life-changing family and business decisions Continue Reading
-
News
07 Sep 2022
Cyber threats to Europe’s grid: Utilities rethink strategy
The separation of operational and information technology at utilities across Europe is opening doors for cyber criminals Continue Reading
-
News
31 Aug 2022
Four years into GDPR, Norway hopes for safer data transfer to US
Much of the data on the internet ends up on US servers at some point, and that is not always compatible with the General Data Protection Regulation, says Norwegian data protection authority Continue Reading
-
News
08 Aug 2022
Internet giants in favour as Ireland tightens rules on datacentres
Irish premier Michael Martin has insisted its temporary squeeze on datacentre construction is not a moratorium on the industry Continue Reading
-
News
19 Jul 2022
European IT services see bumper quarter, but signs of slowing emerge
Spending on IT and BPO services in Europe saw significant growth in the past quarter, but there are signs of a slowdown Continue Reading
-
News
08 Jul 2022
Sweden and GDPR – four years on
Swedish data protection coordinator talks to Computer Weekly four years into the General Data Protection Regulation Continue Reading
-
News
07 Jul 2022
UK government does not yet understand threat of technology to foreign policy
Select committee chair warns government that the threat posed to global security by malign actors influencing tech standards is no ‘dystopian fantasy’ Continue Reading