IT operations management and IT support
-
News
24 Jul 2025
Dutch researchers use heartbeat detection to unmask deepfakes
Dutch method to counter deepfakes analyses blood flow patterns in faces that current deepfake generation tools cannot yet replicate Continue Reading
-
News
03 Jul 2025
Air France-KLM to increase intelligence of bots that have saved 200,000 hours
Airline group will now use agentic AI technology to make existing bots ‘more intelligent’ Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
20 Apr 2017
Banks suffer average of 85 attempted serious cyber attacks a year, and one-third are successful
Banks face daily cyber attacks, many of which succeed in stealing data, research finds Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
20 Apr 2017
InterContinental Hotel Group reveals extent of malware attack
Hotel group InterContinental (IHG) reveals that malware attempting to glean payment card details sat undetected on its network in the US for three months Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
19 Apr 2017
How Dutch university quickly connected thousands of students to new learning management system
Dutch university TU Delft is replacing its legacy learning management system after 17 years Continue Reading
By- Rian van Heur
-
News
11 Apr 2017
Security as a service on the rise in the UAE
Organisations in the United Arab Emirates are increasingly turning to security services Continue Reading
-
News
11 Apr 2017
‘Can do’ attitude of DevOps teams is driving cloud-first strategies
The cloud-first strategies of businesses across sectors are maturing, with DevOps teams playing a leading role Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
E-Zine
11 Apr 2017
Virtual reality in healthcare
In this week’s Computer Weekly, we find out how virtual reality technology is starting to be used to improve health and patient care. We examine the new UK tax laws that are causing IT contractors to quit government digital projects. And we analyse the software licensing issues arising from SAP’s recent court case over indirect access to its applications. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
News
06 Apr 2017
Sweden’s Bisnode consolidates outsourced IT
Swedish firm Bisnode brings multiple IT services contracts under one roof Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
05 Apr 2017
Middle East enterprises urged to embrace governance, risk and compliance
The enforcement of corporate governance issues is still variable throughout the Middle East and making a strong business case for investment in GRC can be a challenge. Continue Reading
By- Edward Banda
-
News
05 Apr 2017
Technology investments core to JP Morgan Chase success
US investment bank is reaping the benefits of its $9.5bn annual technology spend Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
05 Apr 2017
Chocolate maker Barry Callebaut gets sweet on cloud
Chocolate maker Barry Callebaut is increasingly using cloud-based apps to improve productivity and reduce costs Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
05 Apr 2017
How to apply DevOps practices to legacy IT
The one constant in legacy systems is that they can’t just be switched off. We find out how Ticketmaster has adapted its legacy IT to DevOps Continue Reading
By- Cliff Saran, Managing Editor
-
News
30 Mar 2017
HMRC contractors leave over inside IR35 ruling
HMRC has begun classifying its public sector contractors as "inside IR35", prompting fears of a digital "brain drain" at the organisation Continue Reading
By- Caroline Donnelly, Senior Editor, UK
-
News
29 Mar 2017
Russian Airline at home in the cloud
S7 Airlines in Russia looks set to move more of its IT to the cloud after successful infrastructure-as-a-service project Continue Reading
By- Vladimir Kozlov
-
News
28 Mar 2017
Threats grow in Saudi Arabia’s cyber sector
Saudi Arabia's wealth makes it an attractive target for cyber criminals, but what have been the recent trends in cyber crime? Continue Reading
By- Triska Hamid
-
News
28 Mar 2017
1,000 sub-postmasters apply to join IT-related group litigation against Post Office
Group legal action against Post Office relates to allegedly faulty Horizon computer system Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
E-Zine
28 Mar 2017
Making the UK fit for 5G
In this week’s Computer Weekly, we look at the government’s new 5G strategy and assess whether it’s enough to stimulate development of next generation mobile networks. We meet some of the Silicon Valley startups hoping to revolutionise big data analytics. And we examine how to prevent the move to DevOps from harming work-life balance for IT professionals. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
News
24 Mar 2017
AI and robots will 'create political instability' until humans find new occupations
The belief that advances in technology will create more jobs than they replace may no longer hold true Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
14 Mar 2017
Portakabin’s biggest-ever IT investment unifies CRM
Modular construction firm is moving to a single source of business information through cloud technology and services Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
13 Mar 2017
Danish shipping company uses blockchain in IBM partnership
Maersk and IBM test out the application of blockchain technology to track and manage the paper trail of shipping containers around the world Continue Reading
By -
News
07 Mar 2017
ZF Group opens doors to Hyderabad tech centre
German car parts manufacturer ZF Group opens a technology centre in India to focus on software lead innovation Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
06 Mar 2017
Deutsche Bank creates group-wide CIO role
New chief will drive technology transformation across the bank Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
02 Mar 2017
MoD ditches spreadsheets for SaaS-based collaboration tool
The Ministry of Defence is taking advantage of G-Cloud for collaboration software to manage its global activities Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
27 Feb 2017
Hundreds more sub-postmasters apply to join group action against Post Office
Initial hearing regarding sub-postmasters who say they were wrongly punished for false accounting reveals admission by Post Office legal team Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
E-Zine
23 Feb 2017
CW Nordics: Top IT priorities for Nordic CIOs in 2017
In this first issue of CW Nordics in 2017 we take a look what CIOs in the region are expecting in the year ahead. We asked a select group of CIOs and analysts in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden what IT projects are at the top their priority lists. Also read about the Nordic region as a hotspot for IT startups, with Sweden punching above its weight in financial technology. And find out how board executives at healthcare company Elekta are analysing workforce data to make better strategic decisions. Continue Reading
-
News
17 Feb 2017
HPE services and CSC to become DXC Technology
The merger between HP's services division and CSC will launch in April 2017 and is expected to save the companies billions Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
15 Feb 2017
UAE bank builds predictive marketing models
Rakbank is using SAS analytics software to better understand its customers following a successful implementation of the supplier’s anti-money laundering software Continue Reading
By- Edward Banda
-
Feature
14 Feb 2017
Cloud contracts are still a minefield
Cloud computing is maturing in the enterprise space, but the contracts that underpin cloud services have not evolved at the same pace Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
E-Zine
09 Feb 2017
CW Benelux: Is there a Dutch digital delusion?
On government and business levels, the Netherlands aspires to be a digital leader in Europe, but it may be losing ground because of a lack of research and development investment. Also in this issue, IT decision makers based in the Benelux region are less confident than their European neighbours that IT budgets will increase in 2017, and Dutch bank ING, which used digital technology to reinvent itself after the financial crash, is about to reinvent itself again. Continue Reading
-
News
09 Feb 2017
Case study: Australia’s Salmat to go cloud-only after getting a taste for the technology
Australian marketing company Salmat plans to move everything it can into the cloud following a highly successful initial SaaS implementation Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
07 Feb 2017
Middle East and North Africa public cloud spend to hit $2bn by 2020
Middle East-based organisations are turning to public cloud services, with software as a service driving a major year-on-year spending increase Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
06 Feb 2017
APAC businesses turn to DevOps to improve app quality, security
Security validation and metrics are some of the key trends in DevOps this year, according to CA Technologies Continue Reading
By- Aaron Tan, Informa TechTarget
-
Feature
06 Feb 2017
DevOps done right: Creating a collaborative and supportive business culture
Cultivating a supportive and collaborative business culture is considered central to getting DevOps to take hold in an organisation. We take a look at what this entails Continue Reading
By- Caroline Donnelly, Senior Editor, UK
-
News
03 Feb 2017
London Fire Brigade system crashes cause delays reacting to emergencies
Control room system crashes have been causing delays in London Fire Brigade response times Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
26 Jan 2017
Human-centric technologies will dominate next three years
Accenture says businesses will develop technology and services to match human behaviour in the next few years Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
23 Jan 2017
Singapore and Indonesia stand out for IT spend in Apac banking sector
Singapore is the top spender on IT for banking of all developed economies in the Apac region, while Indonesia has the fastest growth rate in IT spending Continue Reading
By -
News
17 Jan 2017
Blockchain can cut investment bank infrastructure costs by 30%
Investment banks can make huge cuts to their IT infrastructure costs through blockchain, according to analysis Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
17 Jan 2017
HSBC appoints technology advisers to keep pace with IT changes
Bank hopes to gain knowledge about technologies such as artificial intelligence and biometric security through its new technology advisory board Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
16 Jan 2017
Australian government technology suffers failure after failure
Former government IT leader says Australia’s IT is so bad that if the government were a private sector organisation, it would fail Continue Reading
-
News
10 Jan 2017
Cyber security scare stories could sharpen focus at banks
There are continual cyber attacks on banks, and although most are repelled, there is significant room for improvement Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
04 Jan 2017
Dubai-based Aramex optimises branch office connectivity
How global logistics firm streamlined its branch office operations in the Middle East Continue Reading
By- Edward Banda
-
News
04 Jan 2017
Customer-first approach will make 2017 a challenge for Dutch CIOs
CIOs in the Netherlands could see their strategies lead to thousands of jobs being cut as businesses automate Continue Reading
By- Rian van Heur
-
News
13 Dec 2016
Metro Bank moves IT infrastructure to cloud
Metro Bank moves its IT infrastructure to a private Rackspace cloud platform, which will allow it to keep up with the latest technologies and reduce costs Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
07 Dec 2016
The United Arab Emirates enterprise IT trends for 2017
The UAE is already a leader in areas such as smart city developments, and 2017 looks set to see organisations in the country increase its adoption of other transformational IT Continue Reading
-
News
06 Dec 2016
London Stock Exchange opens tech services centre in Sri Lanka
The London Stock Exchange increases its technology support services operation in Sri Lanka Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
05 Dec 2016
Top 10 ANZ enterprise IT stories of 2016
Here is a rundown of Computer Weekly’s most popular ANZ enterprise IT articles for 2016 Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
24 Nov 2016
CIO Interview: Jim Fowler, GE
Imagine if your boss was a CEO pioneering a digital revolution in a company over 120 years old, connecting industrial machines to the internet Continue Reading
By- Cliff Saran, Managing Editor
-
News
22 Nov 2016
Middle East bank to launch AI for customer support
Middle East bank Emirates NBD is piloting artificial intelligence to automate customer services Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
22 Nov 2016
Dutch IT ministry needed to take digital lead
Whenever the media covers a failed Dutch government IT project, the question is always asked whether the government should have a ministry of IT Continue Reading
By- Rian van Heur
-
News
09 Nov 2016
Australia’s IFC Logistics virtualises storage to prevent further outages
Australian logistics firm moved to virtualised storage through a managed service after a serious outage Continue Reading
By- Stuart Kennedy
-
News
25 Oct 2016
AI set to replace traditional IT administrators
Demand for higher levels of availability will lead to increased use of automation. Over time, many IT roles will be taken over by intelligent algorithms Continue Reading
By- Cliff Saran, Managing Editor
-
E-Zine
18 Oct 2016
Singapore aims to become a digital leader
In this week’s Computer Weekly, we find out how the city-state of Singapore is investing in skills and technology to become a leading digital nation – and what the UK could learn. We examine how to prevent legacy IT becoming a hindrance to digital transformation. And we look at the impact of controversial new tax rules on the UK’s IT contractor community. Read the issue now. Continue Reading
-
News
06 Oct 2016
Swedish bank uses Amelia the robot for customer services
SEB is using AI software from IPsoft for customer service after a successful internal project Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
26 Sep 2016
Emirates Islamic bank and the Muslim finance revolution
The CIO at Dubai-based bank Emirates Islamic tells Computer Weekly how IT is supporting the company through industry change Continue Reading
-
News
22 Sep 2016
Which? calls for user compensation over Windows 10 upgrade issues
Consumer rights champion’s research shows 12% of Windows 10 users have downgraded to an older version of the software because of troublesome updates Continue Reading
By- Caroline Donnelly, Senior Editor, UK
-
News
08 Sep 2016
Bank IT spending to hit $241bn across four major global regions
IT spending across four major economic regions will increase by around 4% in 2016, but Europe is the least certain Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
04 Aug 2016
How Action for Children improved IT service delivery
Children's charity Action for Children has rolled out Citrix remote access on tablets and is using ITIL to drive IT efficiencies Continue Reading
By- Cliff Saran, Managing Editor
-
News
04 Aug 2016
Singapore’s DBS Bank signs up to Amazon cloud
The latest move in the cloud journey of DBS bank in Singapore is an agreement with Amazon Web Services Continue Reading
By -
News
02 Aug 2016
Nordic CIO interview: Liv Fiksdahl, DNB
CIO of Norwegian bank tells Computer Weekly how Indian outsourcing partners help her keep costs down and digitise the business Continue Reading
-
News
28 Jul 2016
Nordic CIO interview: Vesa Erolainen, Pöyry
Doubts were raised when Vesa Erolainen, CIO at Finnish engineering and consulting company Pöyry, outlined his IT transformation plan, but he ended up winning an award for it Continue Reading
By -
News
25 Jul 2016
Skills shortage and poor IT infrastructure hinder tech adoption by Asean governments
EIU report highlights governments’ desire for better use of data, including cloud access Continue Reading
By -
News
20 Jul 2016
Benelux CIO interview: Paul Elich, CIO at KLM
Paul Elich, CIO at Dutch airline KLM, tells Computer Weekly about building innovation into IT departments and the ongoing de-duplication of internal systems since its merger with Air France Continue Reading
-
News
14 Jul 2016
Nordic CIO interview: Roland Grunéus, Intrum Justitia
Roland Grunéus, the CIO of Swedish-founded Intrum Justitia, reveals the credit management services group’s efforts to make better use of data Continue Reading
-
News
12 Jul 2016
Standard Chartered takes global delivery network to next level
Bank to invest $3bn in global delivery network, with particular focus on scaling up Malaysian centre Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
Feature
08 Jul 2016
CW@50: A history of IT outsourcing
Computer Weekly looks at where and when IT outsourcing was invented and considers the changes the sector has gone through since Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
05 Jul 2016
Nordic CIO interview: Tore Burheim, University of Bergen
IT director of Norwegian university tells Computer Weekly about digitising education and creating co-operative clusters Continue Reading
-
News
27 Jun 2016
Banking IT community faces uncertain Brexit future
The financial services IT community faces a period of uncertainty as finance firms reassess plans following the EU referendum result Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
17 Jun 2016
Hays Recruitment service desk project is all gain and no pain
The firm was attracted by the many benefits of a cloud-based service desk, but chief among them was the low risk involved in implementation Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
E-Zine
15 Jun 2016
CW Europe: June-August 2016
In this issue of CW Europe we lead off with a look at the open data success story in France. Making data available promises organisations – particularly data rich public sector bodies – the opportunity to improve services and cut costs. France is doing just that. Read how following the appointment of its first chief data officer (CDO), France has made good progress in using open data. It now has the number four spot in the Open Data Barometer, compiled by the World Wide Web Foundation. France has also become a prominent member of the Open Government Partnership. Through its data.gouv.fr open data programme, the French government has created both economic and social benefits such as reducing transaction costs. Continue Reading
-
News
13 Jun 2016
Technology key to supporting World Expo 2020 in Dubai
Businesses in Dubai need to get ready for the expected boost in demand that will come with the World Expo exhibition to be held in the city in 2020 Continue Reading
-
Feature
13 Jun 2016
NoSQL offerings from Microsoft and Oracle
Cloud and big data applications have led to a new wave of NoSQL data stores. We look at what Microsoft and Oracle have to offer Continue Reading
By -
Photo Story
03 Jun 2016
Computer Weekly@50: What was happening in IT in June over the years
Significant articles published in the month of June over the last few decades from the Computer Weekly archives at The National Museum of Computing Continue Reading
By- Cliff Saran, Managing Editor
-
News
30 May 2016
Middle East CIO interview: V. Chandrasekar, Standard Chartered
The CIO of Standard Chartered bank in the Middle East tells Computer Weekly about the challenge of keeping customers happy through IT Continue Reading
-
News
24 May 2016
Network Collapse: Why the internet is flirting with disaster
It’s surprising the internet works at all, given the age of its core software. The question is, can we catch it before it falls over? Continue Reading
By- Cliff Saran, Managing Editor
-
E-Zine
20 May 2016
CW Benelux: May-July 2016
Welcome to the Computer Weekly ezine focused on the Benelux region. This quarterly publication will look at the issues facing CIOs in Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg. Continue Reading
-
News
13 May 2016
Public cloud uptake rises, but Europe still lags behind the US
Okta research finds the most popular cloud applications in all regions are mail, sales and marketing, social media and document storage Continue Reading
By- Cliff Saran, Managing Editor
-
News
06 May 2016
Swedbank boosts customer service with a virtual assistant
Nuance Nina will offer basic frontline support for online customers Continue Reading
By -
News
29 Apr 2016
Tech-savvy Asean populations shake up enterprise IT, says AIA CTO
A young, urban and tech-savvy population in the Asean region has forced enterprises to rethink their IT strategies Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
21 Apr 2016
Singapore online grocer RedMart uses cloud ERP to drive growth
Online retailer RedMart turned to cloud-based enterprise resource planning (ERP) when its existing system struggled to keep up with business growth Continue Reading
By -
E-Zine
20 Apr 2016
CW Middle East – April to June 2016
The Middle East is undergoing great socio-political and economic change. While the economics of falling oil prices is driving business diversification in the region, the opening up of the Iranian economy looks set to boost demand. The IT industry is set to play a key role in the region's social and economic future. Continue Reading
-
News
18 Apr 2016
CIO interview: Gerard Spans, Arcadis
The CIO of the Netherlands-based global design and consulting company tells Computer Weekly how he manages the three responsibilities which he sees as the future of his role Continue Reading
-
News
15 Apr 2016
Capgemini to build 100-strong team of blockchain specialists
The IT services firm is building a team of 100 blockchain experts as banks start to consider the technology as the future of financial services Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
15 Apr 2016
Israeli volunteers ready their cyber defences as Anonymous affiliates attack
Every April, Israel braces itself for an onslaught from pro-Palestinian hackers, but the occupants of a small conference room in Tel Aviv stand in their way Continue Reading
By- Niv Lilien
-
News
15 Apr 2016
Australian universities increase IT spending well above global average
Australian universities are increasing their IT spending as they improve learning and operational efficiency Continue Reading
-
News
08 Apr 2016
CIOs lack faith in IT’s ability to meet digital demands of business
VCE research suggests IT departments lack confidence in their ability to meet the digital demands of their organisation Continue Reading
By- Caroline Donnelly, Senior Editor, UK
-
News
29 Mar 2016
Dell offloads services arm to fund EMC acquisition
Dell dumps its services business as it gets ready to take over EMC Continue Reading
By- Cliff Saran, Managing Editor
-
News
24 Mar 2016
The dawn of managed services in the Middle East
Managed services are on the up in the Middle East, with enterprises looking at ways to support critical infrastructures while they invest in new technologies Continue Reading
By- Edward Banda
-
News
18 Mar 2016
CIO interview: Stuart Birrell, Heathrow Airport
Heathrow’s CIO is working to future-proof the airport, using technology to improve the passenger experience, reduce environmental impact and build a new operational model Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
16 Mar 2016
CW Europe – March 2016
India once again topped a list of best places to offshore IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) services but, as global delivery becomes the norm, organisations will increasingly look for other locations for a better balance. An annual study from management consultancy AT Kearney revealed its top 55 locations, with India leading the way. But organisations now have many more options, as their criteria for choosing a particular destination extends beyond cost. And it is now common for organisations to use several offshoring locations. Continue Reading
-
Feature
07 Mar 2016
Co-ordinate outsourced services with Siam
We look at the practical considerations of implementing an effective service integration and management strategy Continue Reading
By -
News
03 Mar 2016
Why are big government IT projects still going wrong?
The rural payments programme has again been in the spotlight over its failures, continuing the trend of government IT programmes being noted not for their success, but rather the opposite Continue Reading
By -
News
29 Feb 2016
CIO interview: Anders Candell, Stora Enso
CIO at Finnish pulp and paper manufacturer shares advice for shouldering a new CIO position and guiding the business towards innovative technology Continue Reading
-
E-Zine
18 Feb 2016
CW Europe: February 2016
In Europe cloud is restricted and hybrid setups make use of local compute and storage. Continue Reading
-
News
15 Feb 2016
Telstra is transforming Australian IT infrastructure
Telco is transforming its IT operation to make better use of the cloud, data and application programming interfaces Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
12 Feb 2016
CIO interview: Ismo Platan, SSAB
Retiring CIO of Swedish steel company tells Computer Weekly about the progress made in merging two Nordic steel firms and looks at the biggest hurdles that lie ahead Continue Reading
-
News
10 Feb 2016
Insurance giant RSA announces another outsourcing deal
Insurance company RSA has penned its second major outsourcing contract in a week as it extends a BPO contract with Accenture Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
08 Feb 2016
CIO interview: Johan Kestens, ING Belgium
ING Belgium’s CIO talks to Computer Weekly in depth about the technology-driven changes in the banking sector Continue Reading
By -
News
27 Jan 2016
CIO interview: Jo De Vliegher, Hydro
The CIO at Norway's Hydro has established an IT department that allows for regional autonomy and central guidance at the same time Continue Reading
-
News
26 Jan 2016
Blue light services should share control rooms and IT, Home Office says
The Home Office plans to make emergency services collaboration mandatory and to join up back-office IT and control rooms Continue Reading
By -
News
25 Jan 2016
Alstom outsources IT transformation to HCL Technologies
Train engineering company Alstom has outsourced its IT to HCL Technologies as part of a five-year transformation project Continue Reading
By- Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA
-
News
06 Jan 2016
CIO interview: Mats Hultin, Saab Group
Saab Group's CIO talks to Computer Weekly about the huge challenge of integrating 40 separate IT organisations into one Continue Reading